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• • • BitTorrent is a communication for ('P2P') which is used to distribute and over the. BitTorrent is one of the most common protocols for transferring large files, such as files containing or or files containing.

Peer-to-peer networks have been estimated to collectively account for approximately 43% to 70% of all (depending on location) as of February 2009. In November 2004, BitTorrent was responsible for 25% of all Internet traffic. As of February 2013, BitTorrent was responsible for 3.35% of all worldwide, more than half of the 6% of total bandwidth dedicated to file sharing. To send or receive files, a person uses a on their -connected. A BitTorrent client is a computer program that implements the BitTorrent protocol.

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Popular clients include,,,,,, and. Provide a list of files available for transfer, and allow the client to find peer users known as seeds who may transfer the files.

Programmer, a former student, designed the protocol in April 2001 and released the first available version on 2 July 2001, and the most recent version in 2013. Are available for a variety of and including an official client released by As of 2013, BitTorrent has 15–27 million concurrent users at any time. As of January 2012, BitTorrent is utilized by 150 million active users.

Based on this figure, the total number of monthly BitTorrent users may be estimated to more than a quarter of a billion. The middle computer is acting as a 'seed' to provide a file to the other computers which act as peers. The BitTorrent protocol can be used to reduce the server and network impact of distributing large files. Rather than downloading a file from a single source server, the BitTorrent protocol allows users to join a 'swarm' of hosts to upload to/download from each other simultaneously.

The protocol is an alternative to the older single source, multiple mirror sources technique for distributing data, and can work effectively over networks with lower. Using the BitTorrent protocol, several basic computers, such as home computers, can replace large servers while efficiently distributing files to many recipients. This lower bandwidth usage also helps prevent large spikes in in a given area, keeping internet speeds higher for all users in general, regardless of whether or not they use the BitTorrent protocol.

A user who wants to upload a file first creates a small torrent descriptor file that they distribute by conventional means (web, email, etc.). They then make the file itself available through a BitTorrent node acting as a. Those with the torrent descriptor file can give it to their own BitTorrent nodes, which—acting as or —download it by connecting to the seed and/or other peers (see diagram on the right). The file being distributed is divided into called pieces. As each peer receives a new piece of the file, it becomes a source (of that piece) for other peers, relieving the original seed from having to send that piece to every computer or user wishing a copy. With BitTorrent, the task of distributing the file is shared by those who want it; it is entirely possible for the seed to send only a single copy of the file itself and eventually distribute to an unlimited number of peers.

Each piece is protected by a contained in the torrent descriptor. This ensures that any modification of the piece can be reliably detected, and thus prevents both accidental and malicious modifications of any of the pieces received at other nodes. If a node starts with an authentic copy of the torrent descriptor, it can verify the authenticity of the entire file it receives. Pieces are typically downloaded non-sequentially and are rearranged into the correct order by the BitTorrent client, which monitors which pieces it needs, and which pieces it has and can upload to other peers.

Pieces are of the same size throughout a single download (for example a 10 MB file may be transmitted as ten 1 MB pieces or as forty 256 KB pieces). Remix Breaking The Barriers With Reaper Free. Due to the nature of this approach, the download of any file can be halted at any time and be resumed at a later date, without the loss of previously downloaded information, which in turn makes BitTorrent particularly useful in the transfer of larger files. The Science Of Digital Media Jennifer Burg Pdf Download more. This also enables the client to seek out readily available pieces and download them immediately, rather than halting the download and waiting for the next (and possibly unavailable) piece in line, which typically reduces the overall time of the download. Once a peer has downloaded a file completely, it becomes an additional seed. This eventual transition from peers to seeders determines the overall 'health' of the file (as determined by the number of times a file is available in its complete form). The distributed nature of BitTorrent can lead to a spreading of a file throughout many peer computer nodes.